Evaluation Of The Anterior Cruciate Ligament - 971 Words

Estimations indicate that each year in the United States 200,000 ACL tears occur, with approximately 50 percent of those tears requiring reconstructive surgery: Furthermore, about half of those ACL tears are accompanied by a torn meniscus (the cartilage that acts as the shock absorber between the shin bone and the thigh bone) and/or injuries to other ligaments. Common symptoms of a torn ACL include knee instability, swelling and pain. What is the ACL? The Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) and the Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL) are located inside the knee joint. The ACL and PCL form an ‘X’ behind the kneecap (patella), with the ACL resting in front of the PCL. Both of these ligaments are responsible for controlling the back and forth motion of the knee joint; however, the ACL is responsible for stabilizing the kneecap ). In addition, the ACL is responsible for preventing the shin bone (tibia) from sliding forward on the thigh bone (femur). The ACL provides the knee with stability while an individual pivots or twists. This ligament is critical because without it, performing any kind of rotational activity is impossible, particularly when it comes to playing sports like soccer and basketball. What Does It Mean When Someone Has a Torn ACL? An ACL tear is among the most common knee injury reported. This injury involves a breakage of the fibers making up the ACL. Sometimes, the entire Anterior Cruciate Ligament is torn; whereas, other times it is just partially torn. WhatShow MoreRelatedAn Evaluation Of An Anterior Cruciate Ligament ( Acl ) Tear866 Words   |  4 PagesAn anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear occurs in one of the knee ligaments that join the bones of the upper and lower leg, keeping the knee stable. After reconstructive surgery patients need extensive rehabilitation and healing time before even considering any physical activity. ACL reconstructions are common amongst people, it has been difficult for surgeons and physicians to come to an agreement on rehabilitation regarding these patients returning back to health. Many physicians are trying toRead MoreAnterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction : Open Or Closed?1100 Words   |  5 PagesAnterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Open or Closed? The Physical Therapy profession has been around for many years. â€Å"The American physical therapy profession emerged during and following the First World War as a result of the need for trained providers of therapeutic exercise – who practiced under the supervision of a physician – for the rehabilitation of injured soldiers.† (Wrynn, 2014) The profession over the past few years has had a huge expansion in need. â€Å"Physical therapists (PTs) provideRead MoreDon t Tear It?1652 Words   |  7 Pagesfemales in the last decade and is a great recreational sport to be apart of. In Montana, girls that play soccer are prepared for all weather mentally but not necessarily physically. Many girls every year are sat on the bench from injuries. Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) injuries are the most common injury a young girl can get. Soccer is a game played on a turf or grass field. The ground could change within minutes if it started raining or snowing. This causes it to become slippery making it more ofRead MorePhysical Therapy For Athletes : Athletes1434 Words   |  6 Pagesproviding them with knowledge of preventative care, and facilitating mental health care. Physical Therapy benefits all athletes by assisting them in recovering from injuries. Sports Therapy is a specialized practice that focuses on prevention, evaluation, treatment, rehabilitation, and performance enhancement of the physically - active individual. Many athletes attend physical therapy. One of the most common forms of physical therapy is aquatic therapy. Davis 2 Aquatic therapy can make exerciseRead MoreSymptoms And Severity Of A Knee Ligament1088 Words   |  5 Pagesthat the symptoms and severity of a knee ligament sprain relies on upon the level of stretching or tearing of the ligament. In his study he has included 3 grades of knee ligament sprain. 1) In a mild grade 1: knee ligament sprain, the ligaments may extend but they don’t actually tear. The joint cannot swell or hurt very much. It can increase the risk of injury again. 2) With a moderate evaluation II sprain: Bruising and swelling are most common sign. Ligaments get partially torn and more painful. 3)Read MorePrevention And Treatment Of Athletic Injuries1825 Words   |  8 Pagesfor the better, but sports also have one very negative effect, injuries (TrueSport). Injuries can take a person from doing something they love to sitting the bench for extended periods of time. Common injuries such as, overuse injuries, anterior cruciate ligament tears, concussions, and heat illness can be prevented by both athletes and coaches with the right form of knowledge on treatment and prevention. Overuse injuries are caused by continuous mini-traumas to an athletes tendons, bones, and jointsRead MoreThe Anterior Cruciate Ligament ( Acl )2485 Words   |  10 Pages â€Æ' Background The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a strong rope-like structure that runs through the center of the knee connecting the femur to the tibia. An ACL prevents the femur from moving anteriorly while weight bearing, helps prevent rotation of the joint and is the primary stabilizing structure of the knee and its integrity is essential for walking and any physical activities (Sports Medicine Australia, 2015). An ACL sprain or tear is one of the most common knee injuries, especially amongRead MoreThe Roles Of A Research : Proper Evaluation Of Sources In Research1570 Words   |  7 PagesProper evaluation of sources is important in research because without reliable and credible sources, the research done holds no credibility. Three sources will be critiqued and evaluated in order to convey how they work together to create a competent research paper. The first source is an academic journal that discusses ligaments and tears and how the advancement of this research and clinical trials display a higher success rate in recovery than previous methods. These methods include surgeries usingRead MoreAnatomy And Clinical Evaluation Of Patients With Acute Knee Injuries Essay1387 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Knee: Diagnosis with MR Imaging: RadioGraphics ; 20: S103–S120. 6) Ward P J. and Schweller EW ( 2015) : Posterolateral Corner Knee Injuries: Review of Anatomy and Clinical Evaluation : The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association ; 115(12):725-731. 7) Togal A, Gulek B, Soker G, et al. ( 2014) : The evaluation of MRI findings in symptomatic knees by means of 0.2 T low field-strength open MR scanning; A research study comprising literature comparison with high field-strength scannersRead MoreThe ACL : Causes And Function Of The Functional Approach1273 Words   |  6 PagesThe ACL extends posteriorly and laterally from a point anterior to the intercondylar area of the tibia to the posterior part of the medial surface of the lateral condyle of the femur (Tortora, 2009). In laymans terms, it extends diagonally in the middle of the knee joint connecting the shin and thighbones. The ACL is a complex structure that has an irregular nature. It has a multi vesicular structure that had been ignored for many years as it was originally thought to function as a simple band of

The Issue Of Illegal Immigration Essay - 2314 Words

Immigration Immigration has been a controversial topic for decades. It began a long time ago when slaves were brought in from the atlantic as a response to the increasing demand for labor in the United States. There were no legislative restrictions on immigration until the 1800s. Immigration began to become more of an issue as more and more people began to enter the United States, and as more people were found to be living illegally, the problem of illegal immigration arose. There are many different types of immigration, this essay focuses on illegal immigration and undocumented immigrants who live in the United States without citizenship. There is no significant difference between the two, however they can be interpreted very differently. The issue of illegal immigration has become especially substantial in the 2016 United States presidential election. There are those who see good in it, and those who believe that illegal immigration does nothing but wound America. The topic has com e up multiple times in debates between Secretary Clinton, and Donald Trump, who both seem to have opposing views on this particular problem that the U.S is facing. When looking at the grand scheme of things, immigration, especially illegal and the entrance of undocumented immigrants, does more bad than good for the U.S. These types of immigrants cost the U.S economy more than they contribute, they directly damage the environment because of the effects of population growth, and theyShow MoreRelatedIllegal Immigration Issues1082 Words   |  5 PagesIllegal immigration is quickly becoming a big issue in this country. With the country divided on whether to call for improved border security and reform for illegal citizens to be naturalized, there is something that needs to be done. Illegal immigration in the United States is something the government needs to begin focusing on and reaching a decision to help improve the wellbeing of this country. There are too many people in which are a ffected by this issue for it not to be at the top of CongressesRead MoreThe Issue Of Illegal Immigration1523 Words   |  7 PagesThe issue of illegal immigration has become one of the most important issues of concern to the international community and the countries that represent a source of migrants as well as countries that receive them it is worth mentioning that there is a close link will appear in the coming days between the global financial crisis and the issue of illegal immigration; since that crisis will push millions of young people to the lists of unemployed to increase their number in developing countries, andRead MoreThe Issue Of Illegal Immigration1420 Words   |  6 PagesOne of the most controversial issues in politics today is that of illegal immigration. â€Å"Immigration has been a constant source of economic vitality and demographic dynamism throughout our nation’s history.† (CAP Immigration Team, 2014) There are thousands of immigrants that ar rive in the United States each year. Over the years, illegal immigration has been growing despite policies made to prevent this growth. In my opinion, immigration will continue to be a social issue that is fiercely debated duringRead MoreThe Issue Of Illegal Immigration1623 Words   |  7 Pagesbecome very popular, illegal immigration. The primary question that is asked is, â€Å"How will you deport and limit the number of illegal immigrants in the United States?† This question got me thinking, If I were in their position what would I say in response? The following essay will illustrate the ideas on illegal immigration. Facts Immigration has always been a problem ever since we put a border between the United States and Mexico. In the beginning it really was not as big of an issue that it is todayRead MoreIllegal Immigration Is Not The Issue961 Words   |  4 PagesUndocumented Issue Often when I dive into almost any political debate or national issue I find that people love to argue over the symptoms of an issue and almost never the root cause. Illegal immigration is just one of these symptoms, however I prefer the more accurate term of undocumented immigration. Illegal immigration is not the issue at hand, the issue at hand is that the state and federal governments do not want people working that are undocumented. First of all, what makes one an illegal immigrantRead MoreIssues of Illegal Immigration2970 Words   |  12 Pagesa hotbed for illegal immigration issues, so the news flew under the radar. Last year, the state enacted immigration reform of its own after tiring of seeing politicians of all stripes kick the problem down the road. But heres the thing the reforms worked. The states unemployment rate fell 0.6%, and a lot of those new jobs that were created were specifically attributed to companies hiring Americans after shedding their illegal workers (Munro, 2011). So what is it about immigration reform? EverybodyRead MoreThe Issue Of Illegal Immigration Essay977 Words   |  4 PagesBorders Illegal immigration is an issue that plagues the border states and it must be controlled. What should be done with illegal immigrants has been a hotly contested issue in the news and also during the current election process. In â€Å"Obama’s Numbers April 2016 Update†, Brooks Jackson states that in 2014, 11.3 million illegal immigrants came into the US. The Democrats and Republicans debate on whether amnesty or mass deportation is the better alternative on what to do with these illegal immigrantsRead MoreThe Issue Of Illegal Immigration1069 Words   |  5 PagesIllegal immigration has become an explosive issue in the U.S. Many people have debated fervently in their disapproval of illegal immigration, whereas others defend it just as ardently. The church and Christian religion/theology has been drawn into the fray over illegal aliens as well, with Christians on both sides seeking to validate their positions based on their own individual beliefs. I interviewed many different people with equally varying opinions on the matter. Over the past few months, manyRea d MoreThe Issue Of Illegal Immigration1519 Words   |  7 PagesNo issue in any immigration policy kindles more dispute than the issue of illegal immigration. Unfortunately, some people confuse legal and illegal immigration. Legal immigrants are here legally. They have the proper, legal documents that allow them to live and work in the U.S. without complications. Illegal immigrants are defined as anyone who was born in a country other than the U.S. to parents who are not official U.S. citizens; they enter the U.S. without legal documents to prove their legalRead MoreThe Media And The Issue Of Illegal Immigration777 Words   |  4 Pages Paper #1: Discuss how the different media outlets frame the issue of illegal immigration? It is commonly known that media coverage of anything controversial can be faulty, and biased. ABC News and CCN News could cover the same story, in different ways. This is amplified in cases that affect different audiences (as in age, race, financial class), because certain stations are aimed towards a certain audience. A great example of this is FOX and FOX Latino. The two stations, though sister stations

Business Plan for Boutique Fashionable Clothes

Question: Describe about the Business Plan for Boutique for Fashionable Clothes. Answer: Business details This business plan is about a fashion boutique and the name of the boutique will be New Look fashion boutique. The New Look fashion boutique is the start-up retail which will sell out the fashionable clothes to women. The New Look fashion boutique will be located in the Singapore which is the famous and popular place for the tourist destination. The primary aim of to open the boutique is to build the well-recognized brand name with the effective expansion plan. Along with this, it is the objective to focus on the online retail market also. The fashion and retail industry is very attractive for the youth so the boutique will focus on the youth. The boutique will follow modern fashion trends and focus on the preferences of the consumers. Based on the taste and preferences of the consumers, the boutique will try to meet the needs and demands of the customers by using proper inventory. The boutique will focus on the style, colours and fits for the women to meet their needs. To provide th e best quality of work will be specialty of the boutique (Drummond, Ensor Ashford, 2012). Products or services The New Look fashion boutique will provide the combination of various clothing for women from recognized name brands. The boutique will provide the wide range of clothes from selected fashion designers. The company will use the modern fashion trend by focusing on the purchasing preferences of the customers. The company will use the inventory to meet the requirements of the customers. Women are very conscious for their clothes and fashion sense so the main products of the company will be casual wear, business clothing, formal wear and jeans. Along with this, company will also offer some accessories such as hats, belts and scarves. Profit will be gained by the sales of variety of products. The pricing structure of the company will be flexible as the company will implement the reasonable prices on the common brands. The company will use value based pricing structure which will provide customer service, quality, style and easy access of products to attract the target customers. At the en d of season, sale, multi-buy savings and promotional coupons will be helpful to implement the strategies. The key message connected with the New Look fashion boutique will be classy, versatile and expensive clothing for women (Jones Hayes, 2008). Mission: The mission of the company is to give a new way of fashion to the consumers in the basis of style and quality. Vision: The vision of the company is to develop the lines of fashion products for men, women and children. This fashion line will include all type of clothes that will meet the expectations and demands of the consumers. Objective: The aim of the boutique is to differentiate itself from other boutiques by providing stylish and quality clothing products to the women. The primary objective of the company is to ensure that customers are happy with their purchasing. So the company will provide the products in all the shapes and size for women. Along with this, the company will make purchasing easy, cheap and efficient for consumers (Hoskisson, 2009). Market analysis Market and structure The company will focus on the women for its products. The current population of Singapore is around 5,399,200 and there are 54% women if total population. So it will be easy to attract the women by providing various types of clothing that meet to the demand of the customers. There are many women who look for the clothes those are both fashionable as well as comfortable. Along with this, the company will focus on the tourists also. Singapore is the popular tourist destination for the travellers across the world. People come here to spend their vacation and they enjoy the shopping also. So, company can be able to take benefits from the tourists. Apart from this, Singapore organizes various events and fares for the travellers which bring many targeted travellers to the country every year. Market trend The fashion boutique is the strong business in the retail fashion industry having different changing styles and changing demands of the consumers. In the past, there were megastores foe the fashion clothes and at that time customer wanted change. The customers always seek for the customer friendly experience of shopping. In present days, women are working and they seek different wears ford all purpose such as business wear, and casual wear. So the demand of the clothing will always be high in the market. Many things are changing in the clothing industry and now consumers wants to buy the clothes for all the seasons. To stay connected with the needs and requirements of the consumers, company will establish internal team to collect the feedback given by the important customers. The New Look fashion boutique will work on the strategy of buy now, wear now. It has been seen that there are many companies in the retail industry who are using domestic plant to fulfil the small orders. (Mounc ey Baker, 2009). Market segmentation with target market The New Look fashion boutique is the company having the business to consumer strategy. Females are the main target of the company. So, the company will also attract the younger women by some special products such as scarves, handbags etc. There will be products to target the young generation. In present time, customers value uniqueness, quality, services and convenience. Pricing is the important factor while consumer is taking decision to buy something. Company is planning to target female between the ages of 20 to 40. Within this group, there will be no restrictions of colour and background of the consumers. The customer of the New Look fashion boutique will be someone who will be able to pay worth price for the quality products. The target group of the company will be those women who will be able to spend the worth money for the quality clothing. There are many female consumers who are interested in buying the clothes having different patterns and designs. So, there will be easy fo r the New Look fashion boutique to attract its target customers by providing best quality and designs to them. Buying behaviour of consumers The buying behaviour of consumers plays an important role in the success or failure of a particular company, brand or product. It ensures the company that the market strategy which is adopted by the company to gain success is beneficial for the customers or not. In case of the consumer behaviour, consumers give the preferences to those products which are easily accessible for them. In case of the New Look fashion boutique, the company will try to provide those products that will match the needs or demands of the consumers in the affordable price. Because of best quality and affordable prices, customers will be easily attracted towards the clothes. The buying behaviour of the consumers is based on the prices of the products also. High prices of the clothes can distract the consumers and their buying behaviours. So, the company will set the prices of products that will meet the needs of the consumers. Competitors analysis Strength: The strength of the New Look fashion boutique is that it will provide unique and different shopping experience with excellent customer services. Along with this, company will be on such location from where the products can be easily accessible by the consumers. There is more strength for the New Look fashion boutique that it has large and wide customer base because it is targeting women in its segmentation. The company has the chance to understand and experience the fashion industry because it is new in the market it will get lots of opportunities to expand its business. Weakness: Although it is good for the New Look fashion boutique that it is new in the industry and it may get many opportunities to learn and experience the business. But this is also weakness of the company. Fashion market is large and it is very difficult for the company to satisfy the demands of the consumers. There are established competitors in the market who are operating the business of clothes. There are also some associated with the opening of new boutique that it might be successful or not. Customer and value proposition The company will attract the younger women by some special products such as scarves, handbags etc with clothes. The customer of the New Look fashion boutique will be someone who will be able to pay worth price for the quality products. The target group of the company will be those women who will be able to spend the worth money for the quality clothing. So, the company will try to provide those products that will match the needs or demands of the consumers in the affordable price. The company will also launch a professional and effective website from which the customers can see the products and company can sell out its clothing products across the world (Payne Holt, 2008). Marketing strategy For the New Look fashion boutique, there is the need to draw unique marketing strategy from the beginning. The boutique will not only manufacture the unique clothes but also will promote the clothes with unique strategy of marketing. The company will plan to establish the partnership with the other retailers by increasing and creating brand awareness. In the marketing strategy, the company will hire a local firm that will help in making and implementing strategic marketing plan in a cost-effective manner. The marketing message, slogan and logo of the company will be able to depict the idea of generation of the boutique (Marcer, 2012). The goal of the company is to keep the marketing budget to no more than 5% of the gross annual sale of the products. Along with this, the company will develop its connections in all the important places. The partnership with other retailers will be helpful for the company to conduct the local events and target the customers. The New Look fashion boutique is currently trying to expand the business in local community. The advertisement for the local community will include huge local print advertisement and media coverage, direct mail marketing, and different campaigns. The large amount in the budgeting plan will be allocated for the print and broadcast media (Lymbersky, 2009). Launch strategy The company will conduct a grand and excited opening of the new boutique. With the help of the local firm and other retailers, the company is planning to do a grand opening of The New Look fashion boutique. The message for the opening of the boutique will be send through the different media. The print advertisements will be given in the top magazines of the country to gather the people. For the message, internet will be the best option for the company. The New Look fashion boutique is planning to launch a website also. The company will launch a professional and effective website from which the customers can see the products and company can sell out its clothing products across the world. The reason of launching the website is that in future it is assuming the best marketing channel for the company (Glowik Smyczek, 2011). Along with this, there is one mire strategy while opening the boutique. Company will charge $100 as the entry collection at the grand opening and it will continue t hroughout the week. The contacts with the retailers will be used for marketing activities. The local firm will promote the opening event in the radio advertisement and local newspaper. Company will focus on low cost publicity by which it can gain advantage in the market. Sales tactics The New Look fashion boutique is planning to generate sales through strategic marketing. The strategy will be for both new customers as well as single-visit tourist customers. There is the referral program for those customers who will refer new customers. Those customers will be rewarded by the company. In the grand opening, the company will plan to conduct a direct mail campaign to target the customers. Through the direct mail campaign, the company will do an in-store mailing program. The direct mails will include around 5000 coloured postcards mailers and every postcard will have 10% coupon. Along with this, the company will provide offers and discounts on the seasonal and occasional sales throughout the year. The New Look fashion boutique will accept also the payments via debit and credit cards. Then return and exchange policy will also be there. Customers can exchange and return the clothes within 30 days of seeing and receipts are must for the exchange. The company will have co- owners and 2 or 3 sales associate for selling the products. For the effective and proper sales, training will be provided to the sales associates. Training is necessary so that they can give advice to customers about the fashion trends. The members in the sales team will earn on hourly basis along with the certain percentage of commission on each sales (Schnaars, 2010). Brand development While launching the New Look fashion boutique, the primary aim of the company is to development the brand image of the company. The brand image of the boutique will convey the message of quality, style and great shopping experience to the customers. For the success of the company, brand will play the important role to distinguish the boutique from the other retailers in the local and international market (Dentchev, 2009). For the development of the brand, the New Look fashion boutique will sell the clothing with the brand name. The company will focus the fashion trends with the preferences of the customers to develop the brand image among the customers. The aim of the boutique is to build the brand name that will be the same name of fashion in the retail industry. To develop the brand name, the company will also give the experience of shopping to the customers through online shopping (Seshadri, 2009). Competitive reaction The New Look fashion boutique will get competitive advantage because it is new in the industry and people will wish to buy the new designs of the clothes. There is no guarantee of the new entrants in the fashion industry, because customers are concerned about their fashion sense. By providing the quality and affordable prices, competitors can easily attract the customers. The same opportunity can be getting by the New Look fashion boutique that by the new and attractive designs, affordable rates and exclusive accessories with the clothes, it can attract the customers more than the competitors. By the outstanding customer services, company can distinguish itself from the competitors in the market. The relationship with suppliers and the other retailers, and exclusive product offering of the company will stop the new entry as the competitor in the market. At the time of new entry of competitors, the company would be established and would be able to compete with those competitors (Prebl e Hoffman, 2009). Product and market development For the product development, the company will work with the other retailers of garments manufacturers and fashion designers. Along with this, company will collect all the required licenses for the business. Once the financing will be secured in the company then it will move ahead for the necessities of the business such as purchasing on inventory, office supplies and retail displays. For the grand opening of the boutique, it will take the help of other retailers industry. The product development strategy is based on the promotion with internet as the internet has become the important part of todays life (Farahmand, 2011). So the New Look fashion boutique will focus to generate a website for the customers. The company will have unique domain name newlookfashion.com. The site will be started developing when the funds will be sufficient for developing the site. Further, the company will plan to hire some web designers for the development. The company will aim to show the clothing produc ts at the time of opening and provide the chance to the customers to show the ability of their purchasing. After some time, the company is planning to add some more products related to fashion such as fashion magazines and newspapers, newsletters, designers interviews and designers advices. Basically, the New Look fashion boutique is trying to establish a community where women can gather and talk about the clothing secrets. Operations plan For the establishment in retail industry, the New Look fashion boutique will operate its business seven days in the week from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. at the time of holidays an special occasions, the timing of the boutique will be extended. In this manner, the boutique needs around 2/3 available space of the building. The remainder space will be used stock and administrative purpose. Along with the owners of the boutique, three or four part time employees will also be hired to serve the customers. The boutique will provide the production to local manufacturers. Along with this, the boutique is planning to connect with the largest warehouse market available in that state. By purchasing the clothes from the warehouses, buyers will be able to see product display and promotional materials with the purchase. The company will hire people for regional sales representatives. Apart from this, company is also planning to conduct fashion trade shows for the women. In case of cost, to control the cost , track the inventory and to manage the stock level in the business operations, the company is planning to set the inventory control system. The inventory control system will include the bar code having related equipments and software. It is the responsibility of staff members to conduct annual audits of inventory and the company can hire auditors from outside if necessary. The accounts and finance of the company will also be maintained by the software (Joshi, 2009). Management team and company structure Organizational structure The New Look fashion boutique is the small business, so the staff will also be small. The owners will have leadership role and quality and they will be responsible for daily operations of the business such as maintaining inventory, buying raw materials, marketing efforts and other administrative duties. There will be the sales staff also to help the owners to secure the sale, general maintenance of stock and inventory and assisting the customers. The management philosophy of the company will be based on mutual respect and responsibility. The environment and the structure of the company will encourage the productivity of the business (Cool, Schendel, 2010). Staff member The New Look fashion boutique will hire the sales staff three or four part time employees. And these positions are to be filled and to find the qualified employees is not an issue. The sales associates of the company will be paid on hourly basis. Along with this, they will get commission also. Bonus and offers will also be provided in every year by review the performance of employees annually. The work of owners will be to maintain the public relations within the fashion industry. To maintain the public relations are very important to operate the best marketing plan for the boutique (Cool Schendel, 2010). Resources Estimation in regard to resources is an essential exercise as it provides management with the base for forecasting funding requirements and preparing financial projections (Shim Siegel, 2007). In the case of New Look Fashion Boutique, which is going to engage in the business of manufacturing, marketing, and distribution of the beauty products, the resource requirement is presented as below: New Look Fashion Boutique: Resource Requirements Resources Amount ($) Stores and Supplies 50,000.00 Machinery 500,000.00 Equipments 200,000.00 Labor (30 workers*$3,000) 90,000.00 Office Staff (10 officials*$10,000) 100,000.00 Working capital 500,000.00 Total 1,440,000.00 Further, in addition to the critical resources discussed above, the company would also require posters, postcards, catalogue, brochures, calendars, and flyers. Along with this, the information technology resources comprising hardware and software would also be needed to run and control the business. Financing One of the crucial steps in financial planning is sourcing the fund requirement that is finding out the best possible mix of sources of funds to meet out the capital requirements (Shim Siegel, 2007). In the case on hand, it has been projected that the business would require total funds of $1,440,000 to start up the operations. There are two possible ways to arrange funds amounting to $1,440,000 such as equity capital and borrowings from banks. The equity capital comes in as the contribution of the owners while the borrowings from banks form part of debt of the company. The financial projections in regard to the business of New Look Fashion Boutique Plc depicts that the business is quite promising and high returns could be expected in the coming 2 to 3 years time period. For this business, it has been projected that the founders (owners) contribution in the form of equity will be $550,000 and the rest will be financed through borrowings. It has been projected that the business would require a term loan of $400,000 to purchase machineries and equipments. With this financing arrangement, the gearing ratio of the company for five years has been projected to be 0.95, 0.88, 0.79, 0.58, and 0.43 times (Appendix). The ratio could observed to be decreasing as the business progresses, thus, it could be inferred that the risk will reduce significantly in the upcoming years. Financial projections The financial projections for a start-up business are presented through three essential components of the financial statement such as income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow statement (Shim Siegel, 2007). The income statement presents projections in regard income while the projections in regard to assets, liabilities, and equity are presented through balance sheet. Further, the cash flow statement presents the projections in regard to inflows and outflows of the cash for a given period of time. In respect of New Look Fashion Boutique Plc, the financial projections have been made by preparing income statement, balance sheet, and the cash flow statement for a period of five years (Appedix-2). The profitability as depicted in the income statement shows that the business is quite promising. In the first year of operations, it is expected to generate a net profit of $206,500 with a net margin ratio of 16.01% (Appendix-2). The profitability is expected to further increase in the year 2017 to $386,330 and to reach at $608,672 till the end of 2020. It could be observed that the profitability of the company is expected to increase three fold in a time period of 5 years. Further, the balance sheet figures shows that the total assets at the time of start of the business will be $1,440,000 which is expected to increase to 2,744,000 in the given time period of 5 years. The increase in total assets will be dominated by current assets (Appendix-2). In regard to the cash flow projections, it has been budgeted that the company will have cash amounting to $86,200 at the end of first year of operations (Appendix-2). The cash will increase with the increase in sales and profitability of the business gradually over the time frame of 5 years. It has been projected that by the end of 2020, the company will have cash amounting to $1,159,507.85 (Appendix-2). Risk and strategic options The aim of the New Look fashion boutique is to provide best quality clothes to the women at the affordable prices. But the company should not forget the risks associated with the starting of the business. There are many risks with the new business operations. Opening the clothing boutique can create the risks for the owners (Lee, 2009). Identified risks There can be many risks associated with the New Look fashion boutique while starting the business in the retail industry. The risk can be related to inventory management, trend, marketing and business. Without proper inventory management, the boutique cannot be able to provide good products to the customers. If the company stocks too much inventory, then company will face loss. There is another risk related to the trend that in the fashion industry, the trends of the fashion are continuously changing. The company must have to change its trends with the changing environment. One wrong step can decrease the brand image of the company. There may be one more risk and that is related to the marketing strategies. A clothing business must have the clear marketing tactics so target the right customers. Strategies options To avoid the risk, there is the need to adopt proper strategy in the market. There can be many risks while a company is going to operate the business in the market. To minimize the risk related to inventory, the New Look fashion boutique can use the inventory management software so that company can be able to track the inventory and will be able to order the right inventory on time. Along with this, the company should update itself about the changing preferences and demands of the consumers. By the merger and acquisitions, and relations with other retailers, the company will be able reduce the operational risk in the market. Key milestones From the above business plan, it has been seen that the primary aim of to open the boutique is to build the well-recognized brand name with the effective expansion plan. The boutique is new in the market so it has to set some key stones for the success of the business. The goal of the company is to keep the marketing budget to no more than 5% of the gross annual sale of the products. Along with this, the company will develop its connections in all the important places. With this, the company is expecting to earn of $ 285,000 from the annual sales in first year. References Cool, K., Schendel, D., (2010), 'Performance differences among strategic group members', Strategic Management Journal, 9(3) , pp. 207-223 Dant, S. P., (2009), Ownership Structure in Franchising: The Effect of Transaction Cost, Production Costs and Strategic Considerations, the International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research, 6(1), 5375 Dentchev, N., (2009), Corporate Social Performance as a Business Strategy, Journal of Business Ethics, 55(4), pg. 397 412 Drummond, G., Ensor, J. Ashford, R., (2012), Strategic Marketing: Planning and Control, (4th) London: Palgrave Macmillan Farahmand, N. F., (2011), Organizational marketing planning by management educated managers, African Journal of Marketing Management, 3(8), pp. 178-187 Glowik, M. Smyczek, S., (2011), International Marketing Management: Strategies, Concepts and Cases in Europe, Page 301, (4th), New York: Physica-Verlag Gruca, T. S. Rego, L. L., (2009), Customer Satisfaction, Cash Flow and Shareholder Value, Journal of Marketing, 69, 11530 Hoskisson, R., (2009), Business strategy: theory and cases. (6th), UK: John Murray Jones, R. M. Hayes, S. G., (2008), The UK clothing industry: Extinction or evolution? Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, 8 (3), 262-278 Joshi, A. W., (2009), Continuous supplier performance improvement: Effects of collaborative communication and control. Journal of Marketing, 73(1), 133150 Lee, G. K., (2009), Relevance of organizational capabilities and its dynamics: What to learn from entrants product portfolios about the determinants of entry timing? Strategic Management Journal, 29, 12571280 Lymbersky, C. (2009), Market Entry Strategies: Text, Cases and Readings in Market Entry Management, (5th) Australia: Christoph Lymbersky Marcer, D., (2012), Marketing strategy: the challenge of the external environment. (5th) London, Washington: Sage Publications Mouncey, P. Baker, S., (2009), The market researcher's manifesto. International Journal of Market Research, 45 (4), 415433 Payne, A., Holt, S., (2008), Diagnosing Customer Value: Integrating the Value Process and Relationship Marketing. British Journal of Management, 12 (2), pp 159 182 Preble, J. F. Hoffman, R. C., (2009), Competitive Advantage through Specialty Franchising, Journal of Consumer Marketing, 15(1), 6477 Schnaars, S., (2010), Marketing strategy: a customer-driven approach, (5th) Huntington, New York: Free Press Seshadri, S., (2009), Sourcing strategy: principles, policy, and designs, India: PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd Shim, J.K. Siegel, J.G. 2007. Handbook of Financial Analysis, Forecasting, and Modeling. CCH.

Measure For Measure - Critique Essays - Shakespearean Comedies

Measure for Measure - Critique The Stratford Festival's rendition of "Measure for Measure", one of Shakespeare's original "problem plays", can only be called mediocre at best. While the drab, lifeless sets at first create an aura of poverty and des- titution that may or may not have been prevailent in 17th century Vienna, the lack of variety eventually tires the eyes, and begins to mildly irritate the senses. With the lack of colour present on stage, one would hope that the actor's performances would add some colour...and one would be unfortun- atly dissapointed. The acting, again, is no better than mediocre with few exceptions, those being most notably, the Vincentio (as Duke and Friar) and Froth, the pudgy board-house owner. The other characters are most obviously unassumed by the actors and are carried through with a sense of distance and unfamiliarity, seldom seem at a a festival as prestigious as North America's largest and arguably best Shakespearian festival. The play carries on for almost 3 hours, and is tempered with boredom (e.g. Isabella's laughably unimpassioned speech to Angelo), and momentary spots of humour (e.g. the some- times hilarious exchange between Lucio, a servant to the Duke, and the Duke disguised as a friar. This moment of ironic comedy is certainly one of the play's highlights, and is a model for many modern humour pieces) which all serve to create a less than enthralling afternoon of "not so high" drama. I will not attempt to explain the plot, as one of the play's redeeming factors is the suspense created by the soap operatic storyline. All in all,"MFM" is an average play written by an exceptional writer, performed no more than competantly by gifted actors, on a boring, uninteresting stage, thus we can equate : The God of Drama - less than excellent play -------------------------------------------------- = X Excellent actors - poor performance - poor staging X = Waste of money and time...Do not see this play. If you are truly curious about the nature of this play, save yourself the money, visit the local library's literature section and read it...the printed word brings out the play's ironic intricacies far more than this unexciting rendition ever will. So, if you find yourself in a little town called Stratford, pay no attention to an unknown play called Measure for Measure... instead, take a walk on the banks of the Avon and enjoy what nature has to offer... Key === Acting: ? ? ? (3) Set: ? ? ? (3) ? = And they get PAID Props: ? ? ? (3) for this !?!? Costuming: ? ? ? ? (4) The Play Itself (writing): ? ? ? ? (4) = They're not serious Overall Visual Impact: ? ? ? 1/2 (3.5) are they ? Creative Interpretation: ? ? ? 1/2 (3.5) = Oh...that's it? Overall: ? ? ? 1/2 (3.5 / 5) = If I were easily impressed, I'd probably be impressed right now... = Cool...

A Review of Things Fall Apart essays

A Review of Things Fall Apart essays I really enjoyed reading the book Things Fall Apart. Achebe did an excellent job of portraying the pre-colonial culture of the Ibo. This book was not only educational, but entertaining as well. His ability to focus mainly on one individual and still show the complexity of the entire clans beliefs and self-governing tactics was incredible. It is hard to believe that he was able to show us so many aspects of the pre-colonial culture in so few pages. This book definitely left me wanting to learn more about their culture. Some of the areas, I feel, really stood out to show they were a civilized people included their social organization, their economic system, and their religious beliefs. The Ibo seemed to have a very structured social order. Everything from the way one attains status in the village to the way the people receive their guests leads me to believe this. The use of titles in the village to determine status demonstrates that they had a hierarchy of sorts in place, much like we have judges, mayors, senators, and a president. For instance, the egwugwu acted as judges by passing sentence in disputes between the people. Their use of titles also seemed to make up a sort of government. Along the same lines, the way they interacted shows that they were a civil people. They seemed to try to settle everything peaceably, if at all possible. As Achebe pointed out, they believed that a war of blame was an unjust thing. Also, the way they interacted between each other leads me to believe they were not the savages the English had thought. The sharing of the kola nut and palm wine between neighbors shows a mutual respect for each other. They seemed to have a deep feeling of kinship not only among their families, but with the clan as a whole as well. Although it may be considered somewhat primitive by English standards, the Ibo had an existing economic system as well. Their economy was...

Legendary Detective Thomas Byrnes

Legendary Detective Thomas Byrnes Thomas Byrnes became one of the most famous crime fighters of the late 19th century by supervising the newly created detective division of the New York Police Department. Known for his relentless drive to innovate, Byrnes was widely credited for pioneering the use of modern police tools such as mugshots. Byrnes was also known to get very rough with criminals, and openly boasted of having invented a harsh interrogation technique he called the third degree. And though Byrnes was widely lauded at the time, some of his practices would be unacceptable in the modern era. After attaining widespread celebrity for his war on criminals, and becoming chief of the entire New York Police Department,  Byrnes came under suspicion during  corruption scandals of the 1890s. A famous reformer  brought in to clean up the department, future president Theodore Roosevelt, forced Byrnes to resign. It was never proven that Byrnes had been corrupt. But it was evident  that his friendships with some of the wealthiest New Yorkers helped him amass a large fortune while receiving a modest public salary. Despite ethical questions, there is no question Byrnes had an impact on the city. He was involved with solving major crimes for decades, and his police career aligned with historic events from the New York Draft Riots to well-publicized crimes of the Gilded Age. Early Life of Thomas Byrnes Byrnes was born in Ireland in 1842 and came to America with his family as an infant. Growing up in New York City, he received a very basic education, and at the outbreak of the Civil War he was working at a manual trade. He volunteered in the spring of 1861  to serve in a unit of Zouaves organized by Col. Elmer Ellsworth, who would become famous as the first great Union hero of the war. Byrnes served in the war for two years, and returned home to New York and joined the police force. As a rookie patrolman, Byrnes showed considerable bravery during the New York Draft Riots in July 1863. He reportedly saved the life of a superior officer, and recognition of his bravery  helped him rise in the ranks. Police Hero In 1870  Byrnes became  a captain of the police force and in that capacity he began  investigating noteworthy crimes. When the flamboyant Wall Street manipulator Jim Fisk was shot in January 1872, it was Byrnes who questioned both victim and assassin. The fatal shooting of Fisk was a front-page story in the New York Times on January 7, 1872, and Byrnes received prominent mention. Byrnes had gone to the hotel where Fisk lay wounded, and took a statement from him before he died. The Fisk case brought Byrnes into contact with an associate of Fisk, Jay Gould, who would become one of the richest men in America. Gould realized the value of having a good friend on the police force and he began feeding stock tips and other financial advice to Byrnes. The robbery of the Manhattan Savings Bank in 1878 attracted enormous interest, and Byrnes received nationwide attention when he solved the case. He developed a reputation for possessing great detective skill, and was placed in charge of the detective bureau of the New York Police Department. The Third Degree Byrnes became widely known as Inspector Byrnes, and was viewed as a legendary crime fighter. The writer Julian Hawthorne, the son of Nathaniel Hawthorne, published a series of novels billed as being From the Diary of Inspector Byrnes. In the public mind, the glamorized version of Byrnes took precedence over whatever the reality might be. While Byrnes did indeed solve many crimes, his techniques would certainly be considered highly questionable today. He regaled the public with tales of how he coerced criminals into confessing after he outwitted them. Yet theres little doubt that confessions were also extracted with beatings. Byrnes proudly took credit for an intense form of interrogation he termed the third degree. According to his account, he would confront the suspect with the details of his crime, and thereby trigger a mental breakdown and confession. In 1886 Byrnes published a book entitled Professional Criminals of America. In its pages, Byrnes detailed the careers of notable thieves and provided detailed descriptions of notorious crimes. While the book was ostensibly published to help fight crime, it also did much to bolster the reputation of Byrnes as Americas top cop. Downfall By the 1890s Byrnes was famous and considered a national hero. When the financier Russell Sage was attacked in a bizarre bombing in 1891, it was Byrnes who solved the case (after first taking the bombers severed head to be identified by the recuperating Sage). Press coverage of Byrnes was typically very positive, but trouble lay ahead. In 1894 the Lexow Commission, a New York State government committee, began investigating corruption in the New York Police Department. Byrnes, who had amassed a personal fortune of $350,000 while earning a police salary of $5,000 a year, was questioned aggressively about his wealth. He explained that friends on Wall Street, including Jay Gould, had been giving him stock tips for years. No evidence was ever made public proving Byrnes had broken the law, but his career came to an abrupt end in the spring of 1895. The new head of the board which oversaw the New York Police Department, future president Theodore Roosevelt, pushed Byrnes out of his job. Roosevelt personally disliked Byrnes, whom  he considered a braggart. Brynes opened a private detective agency which gained clients from Wall Street firms. He died of cancer on May 7, 1910. Obituaries in the New York City newspapers generally looked back nostalgically on his glory years of the 1870s and 1880s, when he dominated the police department and was widely admired as Inspector Byrnes.

How Effective Repositioning is in the Prevention and Treatment of Essay

How Effective Repositioning is in the Prevention and Treatment of Pressure Sores in ITU - Essay Example This study is meant to throw light on the effectiveness of repositioning as a premier curative component in the case of pressure sores. It will help widening the existing knowledge in this area to a new qualitative dimension. Repositioning has been considered as one among the components which is manual, while the other methods are either technical or equipment based. Focusing on repositioning, given its easy availability and less complication in practice, the study will supplement the existing knowledge in this area. This essay makes a conclusion that the most important advantage of the study will be its high reliability, because the data is collected directly from patients who are the real beneficiaries of the proposed study; and Medical professionals who are the care givers, and who over a long period of time, have been practicing in this area. Therefore they have vast practical experience and a very realistic understanding as to the effectiveness of each method on different types of patients. They have a clear idea about which method suits which patients, which is the ideal method for a larger segment of the population. Moreover, they have dealt with numerous cases and through practices over a long period of time, they have gained sufficient insight into the effectiveness of each method and also which method suits which individual. Another advantage is that, the hospitals one located in the local area and therefore data collection will be easier, and can be done within a limited period of time and resources.

Silent Film Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Silent Film Music - Essay Example As many composers say, composing music is like using all your skills to bring out what you are thinking, feeling and have in mind, to expose your bare soul the moment of the situation you are composing for. So, music creates emotions that we are already capable of feeling, it is enjoyable and makes us feel good and sometimes makes us want to dance and that is based on a biology theory. Also, music can relate with mathematics as many philosophers said. Music is everywhere, in radios, CDs, films/movies. As people know, films without sound are not understandable. This is the reason why back in the early years of films, the producers soon decided to connect their pictures, movements and ideas with sound. Silent films began to have more meaning through them. The 1920's, stands out of the history because of the radical changes that America underwent. In that decade, America, while being one of the wealthiest countries, had the resources to evolve in almost every field and therefore many ef fective changes in fashion, hairstyles, entertainment and music are recognized. Therefore, all films during that period were acknowledged from the wide public as one of the most powerful factors of the contemporary life. At the beginning of that time, it was found from the industry that the popularity could help with propagate to itself the relative for arts of music. During the influential years of the Silent Films, the musical accompaniment was reinforced by a pianist striking a tuneless mechanical instrument, with the same loud tunes and melodies in the ears of someone, whether the screen showed a romantic scene of two lovers kissing or a villain threatening an innocent civilian. But during the 1920's all this had been changed when large images began to circulate with a specially prepared effective score. Major film industries presented the known deluxe shows with symphony orchestras to accompany films but also involved short presentations on stage in the context of full scale re creational programs which often included actors, singers or a variety of show acts. In the early 1920's, Jazz ruled the background music on films, but regularly films with variety in their music gave the opportunity for popular jazz mitigated by the classical music, both accompanied by the film as part of extra entertainment acts. Many of the best musicians in the country were now playing in film houses and in some theatres the cost of music was the third than the total operating theatre cost. Discerning businessmen searching to optimize cost-effective modalities for the provision of musical background for the films were the motivating power behind the introduction of the organ pipe accompaniment. Pipe Organs that were installed in Churches were changed to respond to the requirements of the film theatres by adding tremolo effects.   2. Silent Film Music â€Å"Where words fail, music speaks, and without music, life is just like a journey through a desert.† (Anderson, 2008) T he beauty of music is found in every soul as everyone can appreciate good music. Music regulates our moods and leads to a healthy life. Music is soothing and music is something to which every ear responds. It is proved through a research that the rate of heart beat changes when music is turned on (What is Music, 2004). It’

The Role of Business Communication Essay Example for Free

The Role of Business Communication Essay The role of business communication to the profitability of the organization Communication is an integral part of an organization. Communication is required not only for good human relations but also for a successful business. Communication seeks to fulfill the basic functions such as to inform, to persuade and to promote goodwill. Communication involves sharing information, ideas, thoughts, opinions and plans between various parts of an organization. Therefore just giving directives without expecting a response is naive as it requires the attachment of some meaning to the message sent or received. In a large organization communicating effectively still proves to be a difficult task as communication sometimes takes place over a number of channels and so retaining the basic meaning is literally challenging. Communication seeks to inform individuals so that they are more aware of what is necessary in order to perform a task or to function within the organization. Information such as work ethics, production, benefits, safety regulations and training are just some of the things that employees are informed of maintain successful operation of the organizations. This will also help in the decision making process as employees will act on the best information available to them. Likewise, communication helps in persuading individuals to perform at a level that they would not ordinarily do. Managers often use open communication to influence others to perform the tasks required to achieve organizational goals. This open communication allows individuals to freely share mutual experiences, preferences, likes and dislikes. It also enables managers to create a climate for motivation, that is, a manager’s ability to influence the desired behaviour for performance depends on his ability to effectively communicate with his direct reports and staff at all levels. Communication also enables people to learn how they are doing at their jobs and how performance is being measured, as this is the heart of employee performance appraisals. Communication is necessary to attain managerial function. One such function is promoting good will. Many companies dedicate a whole department for this purpose while others just has one individual. Companies tend to be vigilant this area due to the tax benefits as well as a means of advertising as this goodwill helps in protecting their corporate image. By doing so they advertise a lot, give a way grant, gifts and other benefits to needy persons and shelters in and around their communities as well as on a national scale. For example Bank of Nova Scotia, Sandals and Courts just to name a few. Many managers have come to realize that having an open and effective communication can help in accomplishing organizational goals and objectives. Employees who are properly informed and are able to express themselves without having to go through the chain of command will be more motivated to produce. Both organizational and personal goals can be achieved.

STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP SKILLS INDUS TOWERS LIMITED

STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP SKILLS INDUS TOWERS LIMITED Strategic  leadership  basically means using strategy in the  management  of workers. The main strategy usually employed in a strategic style of  leadership  is to motivate workers to take the initiative to improve their productive input into the company. Strategy involves thinking and planning.  Leadership  inspires others to take the appropriate action. Strategic  leadership  is a management  model that trains and encourages employees to best prepare the company for the future.Strategic leaders are always looking ahead and analyzing the present in terms of preparation for what may be ahead for the business. Awareness is a big part of a strategic  leadership  style, but it must be followed up with well thought out action. Strategic leaders are adaptable and growth-oriented. They take responsibility for getting things done by training employees to think and act more effectively to achieve the best result possible for the company. 1.2. The Impact of Management and Leadership Styles on Strategic Decisions Company Background Aircel group is a mobile phone service provider in india. It offers both prepaid and postpaid GSM Cellular phone coverage throughout India. Aircel is a joint venture between Maxis Communication of Malaysia and Apollo Hospital Enterprise Ltd of India. UTSB has a 74% stake in Aircel and the remaining 26% is with Apollo Hospitals. It is Indias Seventh largest GSM mobile service provider with a subscriber base of over 51.83 million, as of January 31, 2011. It has a market share of 6.72% among the GSM operators in the country. As on date, Aircel is present in all 23 telecom circles. Aircel placed an actual dinghy lifeboat to a downtown billboard. A rope with a sign reading, In case of emergency, cut rope, held up the branded raft. July 15, 2009 the monsoon arrived with flooded streets and so did Aircel customer service. The dinghy was cut down and pedestrians were safely transported. What Aircel calls Corporate Social Responsibility A Solution. The company was able to generate positive p ublicity and show consumers that they care. Aircel is famous for innovative Pocket Internet cards for Free GPRS service for 1day/3days/7days/30days. Aircel become first to introduce Online service to subscribe and manage Dialer tunes. It is first in country to introduce SMS bank/Phone Book/Reminder/Talking SMS. In the past several decades, management experts have undergone a revolution in how they define leadership and what their attitudes are toward it. They have gone from a very classical autocratic approach to a very creative, participative approach. Somewhere along the line, it was determined that not everything old was bad and not everything new was good. Rather, different styles were needed for different situations and each leader needed to know when to exhibit a particular approach. 1.3.Leadership Styles Can Be Adopted For Different Situations A leadership style survey is a innovative thinking of starting about leadership. using leadership style in organization is a different way from leadership competencies of explaining leadership. Leadership style is the essential quality in the organization, implementing plans, innovative thinking, initiative, motivating the team members Three of the most basic leadership styles are: Autocratic Laissez-faire Democratic Autocratic: This is something one peson decision, the leader tells the employees what to do and what not to do, the employees dont have any option they have to follow their leader instructions. The employees dont have the liberal freedom by thinking of innovative or they cant take any initiatives in the work or growth for the organization. This style can be followed only if the employees have all the sources in the hand, because its something the leader orders to the employees and they follow them, so if every information is available to the employees they can finish the work with in the time frame of the limit. Actually this type of style should not be used as it is a emergency case. If we need initiatives and commitment from our employees we have to motivate our employees, so we have to follow the participative style. In this autocratic style we have a gap leaders and employees this leads to improper communication and understanding. Laissez Faire: In this style the leader gives the full liberty to the employees to take there own decision. But its not something final what the employee does, the employee has every rights to take the decision, However leader is responsible for whatever the decision is been made, The decision can be made where the employee should know about the in and out of the process and analyse the situation how the decision can be made, we cant make the blind decision, we can set the target to complete the task. This is not a style we can blame the employees if things went wrong, its something we are trusting employees and having confidence of the people who work below us. We should not afraid of using this style, we can use it wisely, by following this style employees will gain confidence and they can grow as an future leader. Democratic: This is the current style used in the organization, this style leader and employee merge together and comes to the final decision. Because certain things can be assessed only by the employees and not by the leader. The work done by the employees cannot be predicted how to handle this issue in the hectic situation. So the leader has no other go to contact the employees for final decision. Its not something the employees can take the final decision, it should be authorized by the leader, then it may get in to final decision. This style shows the good understanding between the employees and the leader. The employee recruited are highly skilled. Using this style will benefit the organization as well as it creates the good relation with the leader and employees. 2.1.The Selected theories of management and leadership have on organizational strategy: Under the autocratic leadership style in the organisation, The leader has the power of centralized decision making in the organisation. This is common to the directive style from organizational situational leadership Autocratic managers do not entertain any idea or initiatives from coworkers. The autocratic management is helpful to the managers because it gives a recognition to the team and organisation as well as it motivates the manager. It helps in quick decision making, as he is the only to decide for the whole team and the manager keeps decision to himself until he feels that is necessary to be shared to the coworkers. The autocrat tells others what not to do and what to do but not necessarily why it might be an appropriate model for the organisation where the team has low experience and skills or It has to be used in the effective way in the organisation with modern work forces. Participative or democratic style The democratic leadership style advantage decision making by the group as shown, such as first leader will set up the meeting with the group and he asks for the suggestions then he will give instructions to the group members. This style is more helpful for the managers so that the group member will be cooperative to the managers, and they may be motivated effectively and positively by the managers. The decision of the democratic leader is not unilateral as with the autocrat, because generally they used to discuss with group members and they will get a final idea with the group, and finally the manager will go for suggestion and ideas so that all the group members will participate by them. Democratic is not something is put to the vote it is the manager involves in to the participation of the group of members and make decision consulting with the group member and he has every right to take the own decision and cascade the final decision to the team members. If some one could not follo w or discuss with the team members then it may be a weak leadership. Free rein style or Laissez-faire A free-rein leader does not lead, leaves the group freely entirely on its own as shown; such as leader allows maximum liberal freedom to the group members, i.e they have given a liberal freedom and suggestions in choosing their own policies and procedure methods. 2.2.Leadership Stretegy Supports organizational direction: Its to remember the alternative situations for alternative leadership styles in the organisation. In the emergency time we have only little time only and where as in designated authority has more experience in the organisation or the rest of the whole team if they follow the autocratic leadership that would be more effective. In the case of highly motivated and designated team with a knowledge level of expertise, a more democratic or laissez faire style may be much more effective. When I complete the strategic leadership style survey I should remember that the leadership style has adopted and that would be the most effective and achieves the objective of the whole while balancing the interest of members of individuals. Also this leadership style survey is provided the answer but its not something we got the right answers, but I have the opportunities to ask the right knowledge questions in a right time about the leadership style at present and in the future cases. 3.1. Appropriate Method to review current leadership requirements: Jun Liu Business School, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China Xiaoyu Liu School of Labor Relations Human Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China Abstract Leadership research has gone through several phases of development in the past 80 years or so. The paper identifies the major theories in each phase, and investigates the strengths and weaknesses of the research. Among those theories, transformational/charismatic leadership and leader-member exchange (LMX) are heavily discussed. The paper also discusses the future trend of research in leadership areas. Keywords: Review, Transformational Leadership, LMX Leadership can be defined as a process that an individual influences a group of individuals to implement strategies and achieve the collective goals (Yukl, 2002). Research in the area seeks to find out what types of leaders are likely to be successful and what factors determine leadership effectiveness. Generally, leadership research has gone though four paradigms: trait approach, behavioral approach, situational approach, and the contemporary theories of leadership. The paradigms of leadership theories shift with the progress from static to dynamic view of leadership with the trait and behavioral theories reflecting a personal, the situational theories an interpersonal, and the contemporary theories a relational approach to conceptualizing leadership. That is to say leadership has been examined as intrapersonal competencies, interpersonal processes, and relational dynamics. More specifically, I review those approaches, their strengths and weaknesses as followed: The trait approach The trait theories assumed that leaders were born, not made. In the literature, Stogdill (1948, 1974) completed two comprehensive reviews by synthesizing more than 200 studies of the trait approach. His two surveys identified a group 3.2.plan for the development of future situations requiring leadership -poor management performance -low   employee morale -unstable   organization structure -unsustainable business practices -high   employee turnover -unable to   manage diversity -Poor   Measured organizational performance improvement -Decreased quality of management -Poor   Healthy organizational climate- -Lower   morale -Increased   labor   turnover -Lack Organizational and personal growth -Poor teamwork -Lack   of   Retention strategies-talent leaving   the organization. -chronic industrial relations problems   -no means of resolving employee grievances   -increasing   employee turnover   -inter-group conflicts   -dissatisfaction with pay and conditions   -unclear job roles   -no clear performance measures   -poor recruitment standards / practices   -no management development programs   -no induction training for new employees   -critical skill shortages   -inter-departmental conflict   -lack   of   sufficient skills / power bases in the organization. -lack   of   appropriate leadership skills within the organization?   -lack   organization structure flexibilty   in the face of changing demands. staff have no clear roles and responsibilities?   -lack   of   procedures and management practices to facilitate the accomplishment of tasks. -lack   of   Ã‚  staff   potential spotting   Ã‚  and development   Ã‚  for the future. -lack   of   staff encouragement   to perform well through the giving of recognition, feedback, etc. -staff   do no   know what their expected performance standards are.   -organizations systems   do not encourage effective performance among your staff. -systems are   not   consistent across the organization. -there are   no clear rewards for effective performance within the   work group.   4.1. Developing leadership skills for a specific requirements Leadership has been described as the process of social influence in which one person can enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task.   Alan Keith of Genentech states that, Leadership is ultimately about creating a way for people to contribute to making something extraordinary happen. According to Ken SKC Ogbonnia, effective leadership is the ability to successfully integrate and maximize available resources within the internal and external environment for the attainment of organizational or societal goals. The above characteristics of being leaders; they are controlling and directing day to day business, they support the staff, they work as chefs and waiters and they try to achieve the best profit they can. 4.2. Useful methods to plan the developing of leadership skills Basic Skills in: Solving the problem and Making the decision Strategic Planning Delegation of work Internal Communications with the team Meeting Management with the mentor Managing Yourself with in the organisation

“a Comparative Study of Personal Financial Planning Awareness and Its Degree of Implementation Among Age Groups.”

Abstract Financial planning may mean different things to different people. For one person, it may mean  planning investments  to provide security during retirement. For another, it may mean planning savings and investments to provide money for a dependent's college education. Financial planning may even mean making career-related decisions or choosing the right insurance products. In reality Financial Planning is the process of meeting financial goals through the proper management of finances.It is generally seen that people have a misconception that financial planning is about saving more and spending less but that is not the case, it is more about saving the right amount so that future goals can be met. The objective of financial planning is * To ensure that the right amount of money is available in right hands at right point of time in the future to achieve the desired goals and objectives. It * Provides direction and meaning to your financial decisions. * It allows you to und erstand how each financial decision you make affects other areas of your finances. Financial planning and investments can be undertaken by anyone with a clear assessment of one's inflow of funds and the goals that need to be achieved from time to time. Keywords: Financial planning, wealth management, investment instruments, real estate Introduction Financial planning is achieving your financial goals in the most efficient manner. The broad areas of financial planning include  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ | | | 1. 2. | Investment planning  -Your wealth will only grow over time if you have invested it in assets. Investment planning  deals with the kind of investments an individual should invest in to get the best out of his wealth.Financial StatementsIn this the risk and return profiling of an individual is done based on his life stage, spending requirements with respect to his income and wealth, time horizon and liquidity requirements and various individual specific constraints. Investment Plannin g is important because it helps you to derive the maximum benefit from your investments. | Cash flow planning  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ In simple terms, cash flow refers to the inflow and outflow of money. It is a record of your income and expenses. Though this sounds simple, very few people actually take time out to find out what comes in and what goes out of their hands each month.Cash flow planning refers to the process of identifying the major expenditures in future (both short-term and long-term) and making planned investments so that the required amount is accumulated within the required time frame. Cash flow planning is the first thing that should be done prior to starting an investment exercise, because only then will you be in a position to know how your finances look like, and what is it that you can invest without causing a strain on yourself. It will also enable you to understand if a particular investment matches with your flow requirement| | | 3. Retirement planning  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Reti rement planning means making sure you will have enough money to live on after retiring from work. Retirement should be the best period of your life, when you can literally sit back and relax or enjoy your life by reaping benefits of what you earn in so many years of hard work. But it is easier said than done. To achieve a hassle-free retired life, you need to make prudent investment decisions during your working life, thus putting your hard-earned money to work for you in future. Planning for retirement is as important as planning your career and marriage.Life takes its own course and from the poorest to the wealthiest, no one gets spared. We get older every day, without realizing. However, we assume that old age is never going to touch us. The future depends to a great extent on the choices you make today. Right decisions with the help of proper financial planning, taken at the right time will assure smile and success at the time of retirement. Retirement Planning acquires added im portance because of the fact that though longevity has increased, the number of working years haven't. |   | 4. Tax planning  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Tax evasion is illegal but tax minimization is legal. Thus you can reduce your tax liability by planning effectively. With proper tax planning you can increase your after tax income. |   | 5. | Children future planning- It is essential to plan for the future of your children. The purpose of Children's Future Planning is to create a corpus for foreseeable expenditures such as those on higher education and wedding and to provide for an adequate security cover during their growing years. Savings alone is no longer enough.For ensuring adequate funding of your child's education, you as a parent need to invest appropriate amount systematically and at regular intervals to provide for a financial security to cover any casualties. |   | 6. | Insurance planning  -Insurance Planning is concerned with ensuring adequate coverage against insurable risks. Calculating the right level of risk cover require considerable expertise. Proper Insurance Planning can help you look at the possibility of getting a wider coverage for the same amount of premium or the same level of coverage for the same amount of premium or the same level of coverage for a reduced premium.Insurance, simply put, is the cover for the risks that we run during our lives. Insurance enables you to live your lives to the fullest, without worrying about the financial impact of events that could hamper it. In other words, insurance protects you from the contingencies. So insurance planning is very important. |   | 7. | Estate planning- Every individual acquires a considerable amount of estate during his lifetime which after his death or during his lifetime is transferred to either his heirs or to institutions or to charities.Planning this transfer in the most efficient way is termed as Estate planning. | Who requires financial planning and how is it different from wealt h management Almost everyone requires  financial planning. As the old adage goes-If one is failing to plan, they are surely planning to fail. Good and thoughtful  investment planning  is the cornerstone of an individual's good financial health. Although similar fundamentally, Financial planning defers as compared with wealth management.Wealth management though similar to  financial planning  is dissimilar in the sense that To do wealth management a considerable amount of wealth is required. Financial planning on the other hand is required by everybody as it deals with planning related to achieve financial goals in the most effective manner. It is wise to seek expert advice from professionals such as a financial planning expert because in the attempt to save on the fees, you could end up with poor financial information and decisions that can prove disastrous for family funds.In the case of the working individual, insufficient or random saving for retirement can lead to a re duced lifestyle later, while in the case of the businessman, poorly managed tax preparation could culminate in unexpected tax debt and a loss of carefully accumulated wealth. Most popular Investment Avenues in India 1. Public Provident Fund 2. Life Insurance Policy 3. Housing Property 4. National Saving Certificate 5. Gold& Precious stones 6. Equity 7. Fixed Deposit 8. Mutual Fund 9. Systematic Investment Plan 10. Exchange Traded funds Source : Economic Times. Objective: 1.Spread awareness about personal financial planning among individuals. 2. To know the degree of financial planning awareness and its implementation by individual. 3. To know the most popular investment instrument among individuals Conceptual framework Financial Planning is all about preparing a sequence of action steps to achieve a specific financial goal. A financial plan is a roadmap to achieve your life's financial goals. It is like a map, where you can always see how much you have progressed towards your projec ted financial goal and how far you are from your destination.Financial planning is a process consisting of the following activities- | * Assessing present assets and resources to understand the current situation| | * Setting objectives- Both in terms of returns and risks | | * Determining constraints and financial planning areas like Taxes, Legalities, time horizon, liquidity, unique circumstances | | * Determining appropriate plan and strategy to achieve financial goals. | | * Evaluating the plan in a timely manner. | | * Adjusting and modifying the plan if change in conditions. | Review of LiteratureElaine King, discussed that you should identify your senior parent’s core values and priorities (i. e. financial lifestyle and potential health care costs) and proactively plan to integrate them seamlessly into your multigenerational family’s financial objectives. He also discussed know who your aging parent’s physicians, financial planners, and legal and tax profe ssionals are, and become well-versed in the advice and information your parents are receiving. Who should make financial, legal, and medical decisions for your elderly parents, if they are no longer capable of handling their own affairs?Tim Sobolewski, CFP ® said that Choosing a financial planner is as important as choosing a doctor or lawyer; it's a very personal relationship. In addition to competency, a financial planner should have integrity, trust and a commitment to ethical behavior and high professional standards. You want a planner who puts your needs and interests first. Jessie Foster, Lincoln Financial Advisors, Where does the Money Go? Said that many people would rather do anything else than attempt to understand or set a budget for themselves and their families. The standard advice from most inancial planners when it comes to budgeting is to â€Å"spend less and save more†. But for most families this is easier said than done, no matter what their income level. A nd exactly what do we mean by â€Å"spend less†, less on what? Most people do not even know where their money goes never mind where to cut back Doug Lennick provides a simple and clear four-step method, known as the 4Rs, for making wise financial and life decisions based on your core values. When you find yourself in a highly charged event, such as the Dow Jones plummeting, rash decisions often follow-like selling out your entire stock portfolio at record lows!Madhu Sinha has explained Financial Planning is meant for lay investors, financial planners and students pursuing courses on financial planning. It simplifies financial mathematics to enable an investor map financial goals that she would like to achieve. The book includes solved problems on retirement planning and over 350 questions and answers on time value of money. Besides theses, it dwells on mutual funds and other investment products that are currently available. The book also discusses the process of constructing and revising a financial plan on the basis of an investor's financial goals.STEPHEN’S states some things that financial planning consist of is investments, insurance, credit cards, scholarships, tuition, and housing. Investments are basically a method of putting money away in the expectation that it will grow into a larger amount. Insurance is a form risk management used to negate the risk of loss in which the provider covers the monetary loss of an object in the case of an event in exchange for a premium paid by the customer. Research MethodologyThe main investigation of the study is to identify the degree of awareness about financial planning and how many people are actually doing financial planning for achieving their financial goals. The study covers both primary and secondary data . Primary data is collected by distributing questionnaire to the individuals ; secondary data collected from various journals, articles, websites This is an empirical study based on survey meth od. The techniques of questionnaires, discussion, interviews and observations were followed to obtain the required information.All the selected individuals were given the questionnaire to get the information their financial standings. A questionnaire containing a set of 18 questions have been distributed among the individuals who are working with the IT firms in Pune. The study is conducted within the Pune specifically in and around Hinjewadi area. The respondents were particularly in the age group of 30-4o years and are higher middle class people. Hypothesis 1. Individual is aware about personal financial planning and is implementing the same. 2.Life Insurance plans are most popular among the investors. 3. Fixed Deposits are most popular among the investors. 4. Wills are current of Individuals 5. Individuals take professional help for their financial planning. Findings: 1) All the 50 respondents were in the age group of 30-40years which falls in accumulation stage and needs strong financial planning. Among them 70% of them wanted to retire in 15 years and 27% wanted to retire in 20 years and only 3% wanted to retire after 20 years. 2) Majority of the respondents i. e. 0% of them didn’t knew how much they would require at the time of retirement and only 10% of them had a exact calculation of how much they would require. 3) 5% of the respondents are taking professional help for their financial planning. 4) Almost everyone was aware about all the avenues available in the market. But only 60% of the people are investing only in Real estate, gold, Life insurance and Fixed deposits. 5) Most popular investment options among the investors are as follows most popular follow by least popular from top to bottom: a. Real estate . Public Provident Fund c. Life insurance d. Fixed Deposit e. National Saving Certificate f. Gold g. Mutual fund h. Equity i. Systematic investment plan j. Exchange traded funds 6) 95% of the respondents have not done a will and 100% of the m have a home loan with home loan insurance as it is mandatory by the housing loan providing banks. 7) 60% of the people have an additional insurance cover over and above the cover provided by its employers. All these 60% i. e. 30 respondents have a term plan. 8) None of the individual interviewed had made their Will.Conclusion Awareness of available financial products is high in the target population. However, a number of factors — including a series of high-profile scams, detrimental practices of advisors with a short-term view and the lack of a strong investor protection environment — have contributed to investor insecurity. This is the primary reason why the targeted respondents are taking a myopic view towards investments, largely discarding the option of long-term investments and personal retirement planning unless offered as an additional tax savings instrument.The most popular investment avenue is real estate among the respondents especially a residential house , as it gives a huge capital appreciation and also a considerable rental income, in additional there is limited risk associated to it. Barring few bad years, property prices in India have been moving upwards. Moreover, loan taken on a residential property has a tax deduction. And the second most popular investment avenue is PPF as it is mandatory to have PPF account and employer’s contribution too. Scope of the Study for Further Study 1. Subject matter is related to the investor’s approach towards various investment objectives. . People of age between 30-40 (accumulation stage) 3. Whole Pune Area 4. Demographics include names, age, qualification, occupation, marital status and annual income. Limitations of the Study No study is free from limitations. The limitations of this study can be: * Sample size taken is small and may not be sufficient to predict the results with 100% accuracy. * The result is based on primary and secondary data that has its own limitations. * Th e study only covers the area of Pune that may not be applicable to other areas. Suggestions 1.It is suggested to individual to inculcate the habit of financial planning as soon as one starts earning 2. Every individual interviewed was suggested to look into various investment avenues apart from conservation investment options like PPF, FD, and Residential property. 3. Individuals are suggested to take professional help to set and evaluate the financial goals, this will help them to set goals practically and know the proper way to achieve them 4. Individuals were also guided not to fall prey to financial consultants. They should do their through study before making any investment decision. 5.Individual were suggested to make their will and fill the form for nomination for each investment. Biblography 1. Sreekant V, CFPCM,Managing Partner, Sabarigiri Institute The Third Inevitable:Impact of Inflation on Financial Planning, 2008 2. Akhilesh Tilotia, CFPCM,Director, Director, PARK Finan cial Advisors Pvt. Ltd. Why should you think long term? 2008 3. Elaine King, CFP ®, CDFATM  and Philip Herzberg, CFP ®, AEP ®, MSF  Financial Parenting for Young Adults 4. Elaine King, CFP ®, CDFAâ„ ¢, and Philip Herzberg, CFP ®, MSF Financial Planning for Your Family’s Well-being 2010 5. Tim Sobolewski, CFP ®, How to Choose a Financial Adviser 2011 . Financial Planners Association, Build a Solid Financial Plan! August 2009 7. Jessie Foster, Lincoln Financial Advisors, Where does the Money Go? August 20, 2012 8. Lisa Holton, The Encyclopeidia of Finanicail Plannning FPA Press p24 9. Financial Intelligence: How to Make Smart, Values-Based Decisions with Your Money and Your Life Doug Lennick FPA, p82 10. Madhu Sinha Financial Planning McGrawHill Education 11. Stacie Zoe Berg, The Unofficial Guide to Managing Your Personal Finances, Wiley p210 12. Consumer Panel Research Paper: March 2006 Financial Services Consumer Panel, p36 13.Agshe, Anil, (2009), â€Å"Fi nancial Service, Market ; Regulation† 1st edition, Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai. 14. 8. Mishkin, Fredric, (2011), â€Å"Financial Market ; Institution†, 6th edition, Pearson Education, New Jersey. 15. Pradian, Punithavathy, (2009), â€Å"Financial Services ; Market†2nd edition, Vikas Publishing House, Noida, India. 16. Raja rajan (1997,1998) high lightened segmentation of investors on the basis of their characteristics, investment size, and the relationship between stage in life cycle of the investors and their investment pattern. References 1. http://www. kotaksecurities. om/university/ 2. http://www. fpanet. org/ToolsResources/ArticlesBooksChecklists/ 3. http://www. fpanet. org/ToolsResources/ArticlesBooksChecklists/Articles/FinancialPlanning/ 4. http://financial-planning. stsd. wikispaces. net/ 5. http://economictimes. indiatimes. com/ 6. http://www. financialexpress. com/ 7. http://wealth. moneycontrol. com/ Annexure A This questionnaire is solely for th e research purpose and personal information will be treated highly confidential. We strictly follow do not disturb policy. If you do not want to disclose any of the personal information that is fully acceptable.Questionnaire 1) Please check the range below which includes your age: under 30 30-39 40-49 2) Which of the following best describes your current employment situation? Please choose one: Full-time Homemaker Part-time Temporary Unemployed Retired Working Student 3) Please indicate which of the following includes your annual personal income, before taxes: Under INR 5,00,000 INR 5 – 12 LAKHS INR 12 – 18 LAKHS Over INR 18 LAKHS 4) In how many years do you plan to retire? I am retired 15 years 20 years More than 20 years 5) Have you planned for retirement YES NO ) Do you know how much you need after retirement per annum? 6 Lakhs 12 Lakhs 18 Lakhs 24 Lakhs 7) Are you saving for retirement? Yes No 8) Which investment instruments are you aware of? Life Insurance Policy Equity MF Real Estate ETF FD Gold; Precious stones NSC SIP MF Real estate 9) In which of the following instruments you invest for retirement? FD Pension Plans LIC Health Insurance Real Estate Precious Metals and Stones Any other (please Specify) 10) Can you give a % wise break up of investments from above investment instruments? Life Insurance policy NSC Equitydebt InstrumentsMF SIP Real estate Real Estate ETF Gold and silver 11) Do you take a professional help for your financial planning? Yes No 12) Have you started investing in children’s education plan? Yes No 13) Have you done the will? No Yes Thinking 14) Do you have a home loan? Yes No 15) Is your home loan insurance covered? Yes No Partly 16) Does your company give you insurance cover? Yes No 17) Do you hold additional personal Life insurance cover apart from what company provides you? YES NO 18) Which insurance do u hold? Term plan   Life Insurance policy ULIP Name : (optional) Organization Name: (optional)

Methodism, the most astonishing eruption in the eighteenth century history of religion, was an anomaly

The eighteenth century is commonly viewed by historians as a period of decline for the Anglican establishment which suffered increasing losses in its authority over local parishes and failing to respond adequately to the changing society of the early industrial age and challenges over the nature of religion and its role in the lives of individuals. In the 1740s, Samuel Wesley and his sons began to preach outside the confines of the Church, advocating a more voluntary approach to religious devotion and encouraging increased involvement of laymen in the work of the parish. Methodism was effectively born out of societies set up to integrate the church into the community, but in carrying voluntarism to its logical conclusion, argues Gilbert, such a movement would naturally come into conflict with the establishment by offering an alternative to the prescribed methods of religious practise and undermining the ministerial authority and organising machinery of the Church. Although the Wesley family were conservative Tories and John Wesley, who was to become the leading Methodist figure, always expressed a keen desire to remain within Anglicanism, he told a inaugural conference in 1744 that Methodism would either leave the whole church or â€Å"be thrust out of it† Whether the Methodists were in essence a radical or conservative group was at the time, and remains a much debated topic. In an essay on Methodism, Dissent and Political Stability2, Gilbert argues that it was in fact both. Methodism was a means of taking a stand against prescribed religion and the status quo of social organisation through the withdrawal of status respect and assertion of freedom. Methodism was in effect a radical means of political and social protest in an era of new ideas and social instability, epitomised abroad by the violent revolutions in France, and yet the movement was unobtrusive in its politics and the moderate nature of this radicalism had a stabilising effect on society, acting as a â€Å"safety valve† that contained tension and helped avoid the polarisation of opinions. Looking at the religious history of other European nations, Methodism is quite the anomaly, a dissenting movement, cast out of the Anglican Church that eventually serves to prop up the traditional order. Weakness in the Anglican establishment dated back to the reformation, which had been a break away from authority from Rome, but had also meant an increase in secular authority over the ecclesiastical, through the judicial courts, some tithe taxes and rights of patronage. Though the clerical influence in national politics and in local parishes was still strong, it was no longer as an independent body, but in conjunction with secular authorities. Loss of influence in the upper echelons of power, with monarchs of differing faith on the throne and the abbots losing their majority in the Lords was coupled with strain on authority in the parishes through lack of adequate funding or dynamism. The demographic boom of the late eighteenth century and the breakdown of the traditional parish based organisation of ancien regime society with the increase in manufacturing towns left many outside the network of pastoral oversight, as Ward notes, this and toleration laws paved the way for eager dissenters to exert influence3. However, the first half of the century is more commonly characterised by a mood of religious apathy. Numbers attending Anglican services were declining, but Gilbert argues, Protestant dissent was also in a state of atrophy in 1740. Looking at statistics, this could be seen as a dramatic turning point in the history of religious dissent, but it must be remembered that after new toleration acts were passed it became necessary for all groups to register, nevertheless, this was a period when old dissenting movements were being surpassed by the new evangelicals, who could serve the community where the Anglican church could no longer cope. Naturally there was a certain discontinuity of dissent, with different traditions declining and growing in different patterns across the country. The chapel movement was one that responded to local needs, in some areas lay societies along evangelical lines were even encouraged by the local clergy, but the most prominent groups inevitably sprang up where the church was least effective and inevitably would become a source of conflict with the establishment. The evangelical revival of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries was above all a popular movement, and with no central driving force, it is difficult to define the limits of the movement. Dissenters within the orthodoxy of the Church had existed before, but a newfound zeal, enthusiastic conversion methods and a more coherent programme now developed into a single, if multiform, religious phenomenon. Although there were divisions between Methodists, Baptists, Congregationalists and Independents, they were not fundamental. All relied on lay preachers and the centrality of village communities to spread their message of voluntary piety, based around the family and spiritual equality, whereby all could receive salvation through faith and good works. Methodism can perhaps be characterised by its system of connexion networks that linked dissenting groups across the country. Wesley had hoped to unite his movement through the Anglican ministers and in 1764 had sent fifty letters appealing for a unity of purpose, but receiving only three replies, realised he would have to unite and organise his followers outside the clergy. The strength of the movement however, was not in a system of alliances, but its dynamism. Methodism was a movement that spread rapidly through expansionist missionary societies, and Wesley's followers breached the movement further away from the church by demanding that its preachers should be able to give communion. A 1793 conference voted that members of a society who were unanimous in their desire to receive the sacrament from their preacher might do so. Ward questions whether this was a case of the preachers following the flock, or the scheming of radical ministers to use the Methodist congregations to spread their radical political ideas. Samuel Bradburn was one such minister who introduced ideas of unbounded liberty and the Rights of Man into his sermons, but he shunned Kilham, an even more defiant political Methodist, casting doubt on any suggestion of a central political aim. In the 1790s, social tensions were reaching boiling point. Evangelical societies attracted dissenters at all social levels, even at court, where many independent politicians, clergymen and intellectuals deserted George III and headed a campaign as a Unitarian group for reforms to free trade and end slavery, believing in free enquiry and social progress. Among the lower social orders there was a backlash against the increasing number of dissenters and riots broke out, prompted by food shortages but also calling for â€Å"Church and King† and were largely unhindered by the clergy and magistrates of the old order. It is important to remember that while the growth of evangelical movements was significant, it still only affected a small proportion of the population, with many remaining ambivalent towards new ideals of piety and man others choosing to remain firmly within the Anglican fold. For some, traditional means of expressing discontent were still favoured. Davidoff sees the Evangelical movement as a largely middle class phenomenon. This was a rapidly expanding social group that needed to form their identity. He argues that a sense of religious belonging was provided by the various evangelical movements became a part of middle class culture and the success of the movement can be credited to its ability to fill this need. Traditional church practise did not involve participation from the lay community, and while the middle classes were a group with little political power, there role was gradually becoming more like that of the traditional gentry, as Lords devolved their duties in a practise of stewardship. Dissenting evangelical groups formed a basis of a middle class community as well as a middle class culture. The religious focus is undeniably meritocratic in tone; that salvation was open to all through their own piety. Davidoff also believes that there was a notion that this piety could give individuals strength to bare hostility from others, as the new middle classes may well have faced in the years of hardship and social tension at the end of the eighteenth century. The central importance of the family crossed denominations, another middle class value. The ideal was of the home as a moral haven from the amoral world of the business market. This haven was created by women, who were viewed as naturally more pious than men. The concepts of masculine and feminine were being transposed into more distinct social roles, each with their own responsibilities. Men were the material providers of the family and women's role was to create a moral home for her husband and children, domestic seclusion was a moral ideal and some serious evangelicals even shunned the pleasures of sport and the theatre in favour of this domesticity. Women did have increased prominence in church life, in some denominations they could even be ministers, but overall, the new movements were still male dominated. In some areas women may even have lost influence, where before they could have performed duties of clerks where necessary, roles were now more often formalised into those that were acceptable for women and those that were not. The evangelical community gave the middle class a forum to profess their beliefs and help to form their own culture and community. Dissenting groups were most prominent in new manufacturing towns and much of their establishment can be seen as benefiting the middle classes. They set up church schools and welfare societies, seeing their community almost s an extension of their family that need to be provided for. Schools were central to the evangelical movement, supporting the middle class love of reading and reflection as alternative entertainments. Indeed it was often the case that the school came before the chapel, as was the case in Bollington, a manufacturing town in the Northwest. Although initially non-denominational, the school soon became dominated by the Methodists. But importantly, the erection of such public buildings was not decided on by the preachers, but went before an appeal to the town, in tune with democratic principals. The practise of the Sunday school was an important means of gaining support among the locals, as many sent their children to work in factories at an early age and this would still give them a chance to learn to read. The work of evangelicals within their communities through charity and education may have stunted working class resentment, but Davidoff asserts that they still tended to stay away from Church. Gilberts sees the evangelicals as targeting the lower echelons of society, corroding the image of the lower orders as simple minded and maybe thus giving cause for concern to the ruling classes, but it is probable that these are two differing views of what was essentially the same social group, seen as the lower orders by contemporaries, but viewed by some historians, in the pattern of social evolution, as the emerging middle classes. The end of the eighteenth and beginning of the nineteenth centuries saw a demographic boom, centred around new manufacturing towns. It was the early years of the industrial age and the changing structure of society had new needs that the state and church could not provide for. Looking abroad for a point of comparison, French society, with its firmly established monarchy and church was thrust into a violent revolution that was to remove both. In England, the less powerful position occupied by the monarchy and church could be seen as perhaps what saved them from a similar fate. Dissenting movements had been allowed to develop that were then to serve as a moderating force. There was much confusion in the late eighteenth century as to Methodists and their significance. The movement grew further and faster than other evangelical societies, and what Smyth called â€Å"Christian godliness without Christian organisation† in 1795 was attacked by others as having too much organisation and followers were subject to too much pastoral oversight, threatening the formation of a radical political force. 5 Indeed, Sidney Pollard and Robert Southerly were of the view that revolution was imminent. With hindsight, historians like Halevy have argued that there was nothing for the state to fear in the rise of Methodism, but contemporary powers would not have been able to see the larger picture of changing society and the development of a middle-class and so the movement may have been forced into its unobtrusive political stance where perhaps more radical beliefs were deep-seated. Jabez Bunting, a radical Methodist figure after the death of Wesley, saw the movement as wide, but not deep. He was relatively apolitical, but was keen to preserve the liberties that Methodism had benefited from in the face of conservative reaction to social tensions and revolution in Europe. But the evangelical revival, viewed with historical hindsight is indeed a political movement, the energies of the chapel communities were a force that resisted to reactionism and later advocated reforms, but after 1850 the dynamism of the movement had dwindled, as the social tensions of the age eased.